Typhoid fever is a very common infective disease in Asian and underdeveloped countries. [1] [2] Typhoid fever, in the first week of illness, manifests with fever, headache, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms like anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation with or without any specific signs. The common signs like relative bradycardia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, abdominal tenderness may develop in second week of illness. Complications like acute abdomen, intestinal perforation, pneumonia, psychosis, ataxia, altered sensorium and nephritis are likely to develop in third to fourth week of illness. [3] [4] [5] Initial presentation as acute glomerulonephritis is a very rare manifestation of typhoid fever. [6] [7] [8]

A 29-year-old male presented with fever of eight days, periorbital puffiness, gross hematuria and oliguria of four days. There was no past history of leg swelling, oliguria, hematuria, loin pain, facial puffiness, skin or joint complaints, hypertension, generalised weakness and other renal related problems. There was also no history of any drug intake, sore throat or skin infections in the recent past. On examination oral temperature was 101^o F, pulse rate was 90 beats/min, and blood pressure was 170/100 mm of Hg. He had periorbital and facial puffiness, bilateral pedal oedema, elevated jugular venous pulse of 6 cm from sterna angle and 4 cm non-tender hepatomegaly from right costal margin, 3 cm spleenomegaly from the left costal margin. There was no free fluid in the abdomen and no tenderness anywhere in the abdomen including renal angle tenderness. Other systemic examination for cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous and musculoskeletal system were essentially normal. His urine output from 1^st to 5^th day in the hospital was 300 to 400 ml/day with gross hematuria.

Laboratory investigations: Haemoglobin was 11 gm/dl, total leukocyte count was 4300 cells/cumm with 40% neutrophils, 58% lymphocytes and 2% basophils and ESR was 40 mm/1^st hr. Urine examination showed hematuria on gross examination, confirmed by microscopic examination, with crenated red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC casts. There was urine proteinuria of 860 mg/24 hours of urine collection. His serum creatinine was 3.5 mg/dl, and blood urea was 45 mg/dl. His liver function tests, ECG, Chest X-ray were within normal limits. His first Widal test yielded antibody titre for O antigen of 1:160, H antigen 1:160 which was done on the first day of admission and rose to a titre of 1:640 on the 8^th day of admission. Blood culture was positive for Salmonella typhi; sensitive to cetriaxone, cefotaxime, and quinalones but resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. At all times, titres for AH and BH (Paratyphoid A and B) were negative. Urine culture for urinary tract infection did not yield any growth. Serology for HIV, HBsAg, and hepatitis C were negative. Antinuclear antibody, malaria parasite antigen and peripheral smear for malarial parasite were all negative. C-reactive protein was 6 mg/dl and Anti-steptolysin antibody was negative. Ultrasonography showed mild hepatosplenomegaly and normal sized kidneys.

He was treated with intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone 2 gm/day for 10 days, salt and fluid restriction, oral atenolol 50 mg/day once a day and frusemide 40 mg/day and bed rest. He became afebrile on 4^th day of admission. He started passing good volume of urine from day five of admission with gradual disappearance of hematuria. Blood pressure was well controlled to 130/80 mm of Hg from day two of admission. Blood culture done on 6^th day of illness was sterile. Microscopic hematuria was improving although persisted upto 10 days of admission and then disappeared during outpatient follow up. His blood urea and serum creatinine started to normalise and were completely normal on discharge. However, mild proteinuria persisted at 120 mg/day during outpatient follow up, but it was much lower as compared to time of presentation. Kidney biopsy was not done in view of rapid recovery.

Our patient was a 29-year-old adult. He presented with fever, oliguria, oedema, proteinuria, hypertension and azotemia. Urine microscopy showed crenated red cells. All these features suggested glomeruloneprhitis with acute renal failure, which promptly recovered with treatment of typhoid. Typhoid fever is a very common infective disease. Common early presentation of typhoid fever is insidious onset of continuous fever, with nonspecific malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, nausea, anorexia, constipation. In first week of illness signs are usually not present. [2] [3] [4] [5] Hepatosplenomegaly, relative bradycardia and tenderness in right iliac fossa tend to develop in second week of illness. Uncommon manifestations like altered sensorium, prolonged pyrexia, pneumonia, intestinal perforation, intestinal hemorrhage, myocarditis, septic shock, meningitis, parotitis, osteomyelitis, orchitis, nephritis may present by third to fourth week as complications of untreated or multi drug resistant cases. [2] [3] [4] [9] They are very rare nowadays owing to availability of early diagnosis and treatment. [4] [10] Typhoid fever masquerading as acute glomerulonephritis is a very rare entity and occurs in 2-3% of all cases. [7] Renal involvement in typhoid is called 'nephrotyphoid'. [4] [10] Renal manifestations of typhoid fever are shown in the table 1.

The usual renal manifestations in typhoid are presence of red blood and white blood cells in urine, albuminuria, azotemia, nephritis, renal failure and pyelonephritis. [6] [7] [8] [10] [11] Glomerulonephritis and acute interstitial nephritis due to typhoid are very uncommon. [11] [12] [13]

Glomerulonephritis in typhoid is due to immune complex mediated glomerular damage and it can cause hematuria and/or proteinuria. Biopsy shows diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with deposits of IgM, complement C3 and Vi antigen in glomerular capillary wall. [2] [4] [6] [10] Renal failure in typhoid may be a part of septicemia or shock. Symptomless bacilluria may occur in 20-25% of typhoid fever. This is not a complication as this bacilluria is temporary and kidneys purely act as organs of excretion, without itself being the seat of typhoid lesions. [4] Typhoid nephritis in adults, as a complication of untreated typhoid carries a very high mortality of 20-30%. [6] [7] Hypocomplementamia is uncommon in typhoid nephritis in comparison to acute streptococcal glomerulonephritis (Figure 1). This could be due to host factors, although HLA haploid- type link has not been proven, for normal complement levels in typhoid glomerulonephritis. [14] In certain geographic locations typhoid nephritis needs to be considered as a possibility in patients with nephritis and concomitant fever. [7] [14] Other types of renal involvement in typhoid fever are: Ig A nephropathy [15] and post-vaccination nephropathy [16] following typhoid vaccination. Most patients with enteric glomerulonephritis present with acute renal failure, hypertensive encephalopathy or nephritic syndrome and prompt recovery on treating typhoid fever with IV ceftriaxone or other antibiotics. [8] Interestingly complications of typhoid fever like hepatitis and nephritis were more common in females in one particular study, implicating host's immune response to acute typhoid infection. [17] Jaundice due to typhoid hepatitis, which may be seen in upto 50% patients with typhoid [18], may precipitate the occurrence of typhoid glomerulonephritis. [19] As such, the typhoid hepatitis and typhoid nephritis occurring simultaneously in a patient with typhoid is very rare, [20] but may be more common in HIV positive patients with typhoid fever. [21] Very rarely acute renal failure in typhoid fever may occur due intravascular hemolysis caused by typhoid fever. [18] Awareness of rare manifestations of this common infectious illness, early recognition and prompt treatment is instrumental in reducing morbidity and mortality.

Typhoid nephritis is a rare complication of typhoid fever with significant morbidity and mortality. In endemic areas for typhoid fever, typhoid nephritis should be suspected in patients with nephritis and concomitant fever. In patients presenting with fever, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, positive blood culture for typhoid fever and positive Widal test, typhoid nephritis and renal failure could be easily detected by urine examination and renal function tests. Early treatment of typhoid fever with intravenous antibiotics and fluid management prevents further progression of typhoid nephritis and impending dialysis.

1. Typhoid fever, Park K, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 16th edn. Jabalpur, Banarsidas Bhanot 1999:175-178.    
2. Richens J. Typhoid and Paratyphoid fevers. Oxford textbook of Medicine 3rd edn, ELBS 1996;1:560-567.    
3. Christie AB. Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever. Infectious diseases, Churchchill Livingstone 1987;81:100-163.    
4. Kelkar PN, James E. Review article on typhoid fever. J Assoc Physicians India 1977; 45: 37-48.    
5. Wongsawat J, Pancharoen C, Thisyakorn U. Typhoid fever in children: experience in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai 2002 Dec; 85(12):1247-1250.   [Pubmed]    
6. Choudury, Sproo etal. Typhoid nephritis. J Assoc Physicians India 1988;36:447-448.   [Pubmed]    
7. Bukva I, Coovadia HM. Typhoid glomerulonephritis. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:305-307.   [Pubmed]    
8. Parmar RC, Bavdekar SB, Houilgol R, Muranjan MN. Nephritis and cerebellar ataxia: rare presenting features of enteric fever. J Postgrad Med 2000;46(3):184-186.   [Pubmed]    
9. Kabra SK, Madhulika, Talati A, Soni N, Patel S, Modi RR. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever. Trop Doct 2000;30(4):195-197.   [Pubmed]    
10. Williams DC, Adu D. Infection associated nephropathy. Oxford text book of Medicine, 3rd edn, ELBS 1996; 3: 3173-3179.    
11. Dönmez O, Basdemir G. Presentation of a case with Salmonella glomerulonephritis. Turk J Pediatr 2002 Jul-Sep; 44(3): 267-268.   [Pubmed]    
12. Pancharoen C, Wongsawat J, Phancharoen S, Thisyakorn U.Typhoid glomerulonephritis in a child: a rare complication of typhoid fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2001 Dec; 32(4):869-871.   [Pubmed]    
13. Caers J, Peeters P, Vanden Houte K, Sennesael J, Van der Niepen P, Ver. Acute interstitial nephritis associated with salmonellosis. Eur J Intern Med 2006;17(3):217-219.   [CrossRef]   [Pubmed]    
14. Katz Y, Azizi E, Eshel G, Mundel G. Familial occurrence of typhoid acute glomerulonephritis. Isr J Med Sci 1987;23(3):199-201.   [Pubmed]    
15. Indraprasit S, Boonpucknavig V, Boonpucknavig S. IgA nephropathy associated with enteric fever. Nephron 1985;40(2):219-22.   [CrossRef]   [Pubmed]    
16. Giudicelli CP, Nedelec G, Doulcet E, Falcot J, Girier L. Renal risk of vaccinations. Prospective survey and retrospective study. Presse Med 1983; 12(25):1587-1590.   [Pubmed]    
17. Khan M, Coovadia YM, Connolly C, Sturm AW. Influence of sex on clinical features, laboratory findings, and complications of typhoid fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61(1):41-46.   [Pubmed]    
18. Ozen H, Seçmeer G, Kanra G, Ecevit Z, Ceyhan M, Dursun A, Anlar Y. Typhoid fever with very high transaminase levels. Turk J Pediatr 1995; 37(2):169-171.   [Pubmed]    
19. Khan M, Coovadia YM, Karas JA, Connolly C, Sturm AW. Clinical significance of hepatic dysfunction with jaundice in typhoid fever. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44(3):590-594.   [Pubmed]    
20. Khan M, Coovadia Y, Sturm AW. Typhoid fever complicated by acute renal failure and hepatitis: case reports and review. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(6):1001-1003.   [Pubmed]    
21. Khan M, Coovadia Y, Sturm AW. Typhoid fever and asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A report of 10 cases. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;25(3):507-512.   [Pubmed]